A Comprehensive Review of the Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Prospects of Nano Iron Supplementation in Piglets

Nanotechnology is a promising avenue for innovative research and development, with recent applications such as the production of nutrients with enhanced bioavailability. The distinctive characteristics of nano metals such as their larger specific surface area, heightened surface activity, greater catalytic efficiency and stronger adsorption capabilities result in an enhanced bioavailability. Small particles are easily transported through the gastrointestinal tract and can be assimilated by the animal resulting in higher efficacy compared to larger particles. Nanoparticles have the potential to serve as a vehicle for the delivery of medication, nutrients, probiotics, supplements, and other substances to the feed of livestock and poultry. Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that is indispensable for swine due to its critical function in regulating blood hemostasis and hemoglobin levels. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent condition solely observed in swine. The susceptibility of iron deficiency in piglets is positively correlated with their size, owing to their increased blood volume and hemoglobin utilization capacity. Iron nanoparticles, also known as IONPs, have become a powerful tool in a variety of biomedical and environmental contexts. The enhanced surface area, surface activity and catalytic efficiency of nano minerals make them a promising option for animal mineral feed supplements, even at lower dosages relative to traditional sources. The objective of this review is to elucidate the effectiveness of nano iron fortification in piglets as a prophylactic measure against anemia.