Ambient atmospheric PM worsens mouse lung injury induced by influenza A virus through lysosomal dysfunction

Abstract Background Particulate matter (PM) air pollution poses a significant risk to respiratory health and is especially linked with various infectious respiratory diseases such as influenza. Our previous studies have shown that H5N1 virus infection could induce alveolar epithelial A549 cell death by enhancing lysosomal dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of PM on influenza virus infections, with a particular focus on lysosomal dysfunction. Results Here, we showed that PM nanoparticles such as silica and alumina could induce A549 cell death and lysosomal dysfunction, and degradation of lysosomal-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs), which are the most abundant lysosomal membrane proteins. The knockdown of LAMPs with siRNA facilitated cellular entry of both H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated that silica and alumina synergistically increased alveolar epithelial cell death induced by H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses by enhancing lysosomal dysfunction via LAMP degradation and promoting viral entry. In vivo, lung injury in the H5N1 virus infection-induced model was exacerbated by pre-exposure to silica, resulting in an increase in the wet/dry ratio and histopathological score. Conclusions Our findings reveal the mechanism underlying the synergistic effect of nanoparticles in the early stage of the influenza virus life cycle and may explain the increased number of respiratory patients during periods of air pollution.