PAI‐1 gain‐of‐function genotype, factors increasing PAI‐1 levels, and airway obstruction: The GALA II Cohort

Summary Background PAI ‐1 gain‐of‐function variants promote airway fibrosis and are associated with asthma and with worse lung function in subjects with asthma. Objective We sought to determine whether the association of a gain‐of‐function polymorphism in plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 ( PAI ‐1) with airway obstruction is modified by asthma status, and whether any genotype effect persists after accounting for common exposures that increase PAI ‐1 level. Methods We studied 2070 Latino children (8‐21y) with genotypic and pulmonary function data from the GALA II cohort. We estimated the relationship of the PAI ‐1 risk allele with FEV 1/ FVC by multivariate linear regression, stratified by asthma status. We examined the association of the polymorphism with asthma and airway obstruction within asthmatics via multivariate logistic regression. We replicated associations in the SAPPHIRE cohort of African Americans (n=1056). Secondary analysis included the effect of the at‐risk polymorphism on postbronchodilator lung function. Results There was an interaction between asthma status and the PAI ‐1 polymorphism on FEV 1 / FVC ( P =.03). The gain‐of‐function variants, genotypes ( AA / AG ), were associated with lower FEV 1 / FVC in subjects with asthma (β=−1.25, CI : −2.14,−0.35, P =.006), but not in controls. Subjects with asthma and the AA / AG genotypes had a 5% decrease in FEV 1 / FVC ( P <.001). In asthmatics, the risk genotype ( AA / AG ) was associated with a 39% increase in risk of clinically relevant airway obstruction ( OR =1.39, CI : 1.01, 1.92, P =.04). These associations persisted after exclusion of factors that increase PAI ‐1 including tobacco exposure and obesity. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The decrease in the FEV 1 / FVC ratio associated with the risk genotype was modified by asthma status. The genotype increased the odds of airway obstruction by 75% within asthmatics only. As exposures known to increase PAI ‐1 levels did not mitigate this association, PAI ‐1 may contribute to airway obstruction in the context of chronic asthmatic airway inflammation.