A database and empirical model for earthquake post-loss amplification

The impact of destructive earthquakes might exceed the local capacity to cope with disasters and lead to an increase in the reconstruction costs. This phenomenon is commonly termed as post-loss amplification, and its main causes include the increase in the cost of construction materials and labor due to the sudden demand, the need to reconstruct following higher standards, or other unexpected costs. We reviewed 70 past earthquakes to identify events where post-loss amplification was observed, and collected a set of seismogenic, socio-economic, geographical, and impact variables for those events. Using this database, we developed two models to predict post-loss amplification, using a composite indicator that reflects the level of destruction in the region, or a parameter that characterizes the frequency of the event. This study indicates increased costs (>10%) for events where the economic losses exceed 1% of the regional gross domestic product, or for events with an estimated return period of at least 10 years. These models can be applied directly in the amplification of economic losses in earthquake scenarios or in probabilistic seismic risk assessment.