Rapid propagation of Ca²⁺waves and electrical signals in a liverwortMarchantia polymorpha

Abstract In response to both biotic and abiotic stresses, vascular plants transmit long-distance Ca 2+ and electrical signals from localized stress sites to distant tissues through their vasculature. Various models have been proposed for the mechanisms underlying the long-distance signaling, primarily centered around the presence of vascular bundles. We here demonstrate that the non-vascular liverwort Marchantia polymorpha possesses a mechanism for propagating Ca 2+ waves and electrical signals in response to wounding. The propagation velocity of these signals was approximately 1-2 mm/s, equivalent to that observed in vascular plants. Both Ca 2+ waves and electrical signals were inhibited by La 3+ as well as tetraethylammonium chloride, suggesting crucial importance of both Ca 2+ channel(s) and K + channel(s) in wound-induced membrane depolarization as well as the subsequent long-distance signal propagation. Simultaneous recordings of Ca 2+ and electrical signals indicated a tight coupling between the dynamics of these two signaling modalities. Furthermore, molecular genetic studies revealed that a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) channel plays a central role in the propagation of both Ca 2+ waves and electrical signals. Conversely, none of the three two-pore channels (TPCs) were implicated in either signal propagation. These findings shed light on the evolutionary conservation of rapid long-distance Ca 2+ wave and electrical signal propagation involving GLRs in land plants, even in the absence of vascular tissue.