Artificial intelligence in precision medicine and liver disease monitoring

Precision medicine is a novel approach to preventing, predicting, diagnosing, and treating diseases by gathering information from an individual's genome, biology, lifestyle, and environment. Precision health is one step ahead of precision medicine, which aims to make one healthier and attend health-promoting activities. There are four key steps to achieving precision medicine, including the establishment of large-scale databases from various sources and formats of health care records. Advances in multiomics enable the generation of new data from biospecimens. Artificial intelligence (AI) uses supervised and unsupervised algorithms to build multilayer and interconnected algorithms to analyze these big datasets for application in clinical workflow and to renovate health care. Patients with chronic liver disease need surveillance for disease progression; AI has been used to monitor liver disease. The first step is digitalizing health indicators and to generate digital biomarkers. Mobile health has been used extensively to track various health information, providing reminders and even digital therapeutics, through wearable devices, smartphones, smart mirror systems, as well as various applications in specific tasks. The application of telemedicine delivers health care outside the hospital setting to provide continuous care in remote areas and during the pandemic. AI provides the promising capability to renovate the health care system and facilitate precision health by using multidisciplinary collaboration. Advances in data collection, sharing, the protection of data privacy, and validation of clinical effectiveness are needed. The application of AI in precision medicine and precision health of liver disease is changing the landscape of health care and will benefit both physicians and patients.