Nanoformulation Synthesis and Mechanisms of Interactions with Biological Systems

Nanoparticles have produced a real revolution in many fields of science in terms of their special properties, having applicability in medicine, agriculture, horticulture, the food industry, and environmental protection. The growing interest of the scientific community in this field is also visible through the increase in the number of publications in the last decade. In 2012, in the Scopus database there were 52 records with the keyword nanoformulation, while in 2021, the number increased 8.2-fold (427), while on the Web of Science the increase was 10.5-fold. Nanoparticle synthesis uses dry or wet methods, high-temperature synthesis, biosynthesis or waste-material biosynthesis, and the methods of preparing and manufacturing nanoparticles/nanoformulations with specific properties and designed to meet the application requirements are critical in their successful production and use. In addition, the environmental safe use of nanoformulations requires in vitro and in vivo risk assessment of their impact at the cellular and subcellular levels, as well as their interaction with the various groups of living organisms characteristic of natural, agricultural and horticultural ecosystems.