Trends in Residency Applicant Volume in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Peer Specialties

To evaluate the 2020 to 2021 Otolaryngology residency application cycle in the context of recent trends.Retrospective data analysis.Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may significantly alter trends among residency applicants, especially in highly competitive and/or smaller specialties.Applicant and residency statistics from Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) and National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) were extracted from the 2016 to 2021 and 2011 to 2021, respectively. Trends in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) were compared to peer specialties (PS) including Dermatology, Neurological Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, and Integrated Pathway for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS). The ratio of the number of applicants per positions (APP) was used to reflect the degree of competition.Between 2011 and 2021, the number of OHNS programs and positions expanded less than those of PS and General Surgery. The increase in the APP ratio was significantly greater for OHNS compared to those Dermatology, Orthopedic Surgery, General Surgery and all PGY1 residency positions for both US MD and all applicants (P < .01 for each). OHNS expansion of US MD (P = .046), but not all applicants (P = .169), outgrew that of Neurosurgery.The 2020 to 2021 cycle affected by the COVID-19 pandemic saw a continuation of the recent trend in the expanding OHNS applicant pool. OHNS remains one of the specialties with the highest APP ratio and has observed a significant growth compared to PS since 2018. Understanding and anticipating trends in residency application cycles is critical for designing processes to optimize the best fit between applicants and programs.