Response of soil moisture and vegetation growth to precipitation under different land uses in the Northern Loess Plateau, China

The land-use change affects soil hydrological processes in semi-arid areas. Investigating the impact of precipitation change on soil moisture in different land use types (LUTs) is conducive to water resource management and ecological restoration. The volumetric water content (VWC) at 0-300 cm soil profile, meteorology data, and vegetation aboveground biomass were continuously observed from 2018 to 2022 in five terraced and three sloped LUTs. The results showed that soil moisture was affected by precipitation, vegetation, antecedent soil water, soil properties, and artificial management measures. There were significant differences in soil moisture among these land use types (P < 0.05), with the priority order of multi-year profile average VWC at 0-300 cm depth was farmland in the slope (FAS) (0.22 +/- 0.01 cm(3) cm(-3)) > bare land in the terrace (BAT) and farmland in the terrace (FAT) (0.19 +/- 0.01 cm(3) cm(-3)) > abandoned land in the slope (ABS) (0.18 +/- 0.02 cm(3) cm(-3)) > abandoned land in the terrace (ABT) (0.13 +/- 0.02 cm(3) cm(-3)) > forage land in the slope (FOS) (0.12 +/- 0.02 cm(3) cm(-3)) > forage land in the terrace (FOT) and shrubland in the terrace (SHT) (0.10 +/- 0.01 cm(3) cm(-3)). Except for BAT, soil water storage (SWS) in other LUTs decreased in 0-300 cm soil profile from 2018 to 2022. There were no or slight soil desiccations in FAS, BAT, ABS, and FAT, moderate soil desiccation in ABT, and serious soil desiccation in FOS, FOT, and SHT. The VWC, SWS, and soil desiccation index (SDI) of all LUTs were positively correlated with precipitation, especially at 0-100 cm depth. Precipitation threshold response to soil desiccation alleviation was determined to be 98-116 mm month(-1). Moreover, aboveground biomass of FOT, ABT, and SHT exhibited a significant correlation with both soil moisture and precipitation (P < 0.05). Therefore, forage lands and shrublands have adverse effects on the mitigation of deep soil desiccation with decreasing rainfall. This study recommended farmland in the terrace and abandoned land in the slope for soil and water conservation and sustainable ecological restoration.