Experimental investigations on the microstructural evolution and their influence on mechanical, tribological and corrosion performance of wire-arc additive manufactured SS316L structure

The study investigates the feasibility of emerging wire arc additive manufacturing technology to fabricate steel structures. The grain morphology and phase transformation of the WAAM-printed structure have been thor-oughly examined and investigated their influence on the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion performance. The structure is characterized by fine equiaxed grains nearer to the cold substrate and coarse columnar grains along the upper regions. The average grain size in the top, middle, and bottom regions of the printed wall is 12.34 +/- 5.81 mu m, 10.27 +/- 2.84 mu m, and 4.33 +/- 0.89 mu m respectively. The higher temperature gradient in the bottom regions led to the ferrite-austenite solidification mode that switched toward the primary austenite so-lidification mode in the upper layers. The printed parts witness superior mechanical properties with an improved micro-hardness and tensile strength however reduced ductility compared to the conventionally produced steel. The longitudinal direction of the printed parts experienced slightly higher hardness than the transverse. The tribological performance in different regions is investigated under different loading conditions and discovered an improvement in the wear-resistant properties of the fabricated part to its wrought counterpart even at high load conditions. Moreover, comparative corrosion resistance properties of the WAAM and wrought steel were detected with a slightly higher corrosion rate along the upper region in a moderately saline environment with flowing and stagnant conditions. The study detects the dependence of the characteristics properties on the grain morphology and existing phases in different regions of the arc additive-manufactured steel wall.