Engineered biomimetic hydrogels for organoids

Organoids, intricate three-dimensional tissue assemblies derived from either pluripotent or adult stem cells cultured under laboratory conditions, emerge as a captivating model and innovative tool for modern medical research. Biomimetic substrates aim to mirror the in vivo microenvi-ronment, proving crucial for the successful cultivation of organoids. Biomimetic hydrogels, meticulously engineered to emulate the native extracellular matrix milieu, now serve as robust analogs of the in vivo niche pivotal for steering stem cell destiny. The present review delves into the evolution and advancements in hydrogel biomaterials tailored for organoid culture. We explore the intrinsic properties of hydrogels that render them suitable for this application, from their biocompatibility to tunable mechanical properties. Special attention is given to the recent innovations in hydrogel design, aiming to achieve meticulous spatiotemporal control over embedded biochemical cues and their consequential impact on organoid formation, differentia-tion, and maturation. Furthermore, challenges and potential solutions in scaling and commercial application of these hydrogel systems for therapeutic use are discussed. Conclusively, this review highlights the symbiotic relationship between organoids and hydrogels, elucidating the potential and limitations of this partnership in advancing medical research.