Effect of constant eddy viscosity assumption on optimization using a discrete adjoint method

This paper presents a thorough study of the effect of the Constant Eddy Viscosity (CEV) assumption on the optimization of a discrete adjoint-based design optimization system. First, the algorithms of the adjoint methods with and without the CEV assumption are presented, followed by a discussion of the two methods' solution stability. Second, the sensitivity accuracy, adjoint solution stability, and Root Mean Square (RMS) residual convergence rates at both design and off -design operating points are compared between the CEV and full viscosity adjoint methods in detail. Finally, a multi-point steady aerodynamic and a multi-objective unsteady aerodynamic and aeroe-lastic coupled design optimizations are performed to study the impact of the CEV assumption on optimization. Two gradient-based optimizers, the Sequential Least-Square Quadratic Programming (SLSQP) method and Steepest Descent Method (SDM) are respectively used to draw a firm conclusion. The results from the transonic NASA Rotor 67 show that the CEV assumption can deteriorate RMS residual convergence rates and even lead to solution instability, especially at a near stall point. Compared with the steady cases, the effect of the CEV assumption on unsteady sensitivity accuracy is much stronger. Nevertheless, the CEV adjoint solver is still capable of achieving optimization goals to some extent, particularly if the flow under consideration is benign.(c) 2023 Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).