Displacement-reconstruction-realized components by structure-sensing integration via a hybrid 3D printing strategy

Realizing displacement reconstruction is one of the main goals of real-time intelligent monitoring systems, motivating a highly promising requirement for structure-sensing integration technology. To obtain displacementreconstruction-realized components, the crucial challenges cover the whole process including sensor-layout design, sensor assembly and rapidly functional verification. Accordingly, a rapid iterative solution is proposed from sensor-layout optimization to structure-sensing integrated fabrication then to displacement-reconstruction realization. A sensor array is optimally designed with minimized unit number and simplified circuit layout to integrate on the surface of or embed into the structures. Then we combine the direct-ink-writing with fused deposition modeling, achieving hybrid 3D printing strategy to fabricate the structure-sensing integrated components within one step. The local strains of plates are detected by the sensors and their full-field displacements are then reconstructed without any loading information. This work provides insights into the design and fabrication of structure-function-integration structures or devices.