Hollow penetration electrode of Bi with dislocated lattice enabling ampere-level reduction of CO₂ exclusively to formate

CO2 electroreduction to valuable chemicals using renewable energy is a prospective strategy for realizing carbon neutrality, however, exclusive production of formate under high industry current densities (> 200 mA cm(-2)) remains challenging. Herein, we presented a lattice-dislocated hollow-fiber Bi via in situ reconstruction to make a breakthrough for such issue. A nearly perfect formate Faradaic efficiency of > 99.5 % was realized with a current density of 1 A cm(-2), completely suppressing CO and hydrogen generation. Finite element simulations showed high-concentration CO2 feeding was realized even though at ampere-level current density. And density functional theory calculations revealed that the abundant dislocated lattice acting as the active sites boosted the production of OCHO* . Thus, the synergistic combination of penetration and strain effects induced by the latticedislocated Bi hollow penetration electrode is responsible for such remarkable activities. This work represents a large step toward the application of direct conversion of CO2.