Emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is designated as a global health crisis by the United Nations. In 2019, an estimated 4.95 million deaths were associated with AMR globally. The increasing global spread of resistant pathogens is a major threat to global health security (GHS). AMR has economic, social, and political ramifications worldwide with a disproportionate burden on resource-limited countries. Despite the growing concern over AMR globally, there are multiple challenges to bridge the gap between policies and practices. A strong interface among the human, animal, and environment through One Health approach is crucial to combat AMR effectively. There is a need to strengthen AMR surveillance, improve laboratory diagnostic capacity, initiate antimicrobial stewardship, reinforce infection prevention, and control programs in both humans and veterinary medicine. Effective implementation of national action plans that includes the human, animal, and environmental aspects with engagement of local, national, and intergovernmental organizations/partners is needed. Moreover, it is critical to invest in research and development of new antimicrobials and alternatives such as vaccines, to increase awareness and education, and to promote regulatory capacities for prevention, detection, and response to AMR at local, regional, and global levels.