Efficient market-based storage management strategy for FCR provider with limited energy reservoir

We present a market-based storage state of charge management strategy for primary frequency control providers with limited energy reservoirs such as battery energy storage systems. The strategy is the result of research work motivated by relatively recent regulatory condition updates in Continental Europe which stipulate that frequency containment reserve providers cannot rely on dead-band utilization and delivery overfulfillment to manage their reservoirs. In addition, we show how the devised strategy allows an appropriately sized battery system to withstand the realization of a worst-case scenario, even if the unit is providing multiple reserve products at once and is allowed to recover its state of charge only via the intraday market.