A Hybrid Approach to Modeling of Cyber-Physical Distribution Grids Considering Packet Losses & Delays

Increased use of distributed renewable energy resources in low-voltage distribution grids open up for communication-based voltage control. However, non-ideal communication can affect the system and cause damage to the system. In particular, long update intervals, delays, and packet losses can be seen as imperfections of communication and should be compensated for. One solution is modeling these features and compensating for them in the control method. In this paper, a hybrid method to model the communication features and electrical grid together is presented. The model considers continuous dynamics of the electrical grid, discrete dynamics of the communication, as well as long update rates of communication, delays, and packet losses.