Design, Synthesis, and Repurposing of Rosmarinic Acid--Amino--Ketoamide Hybrids as Antileishmanial Agents

A series of rosmarinic acid-beta-amino-alpha-ketoamide hybrids were synthesized and rationally repurposed towards the identification of new antileishmanial hit compounds. Two hybrids, 2g and 2h, showed promising activity (IC(50 )values of 9.5 and 8.8 mu M against Leishmania donovani promastigotes, respectively). Their activities were comparable to erufosine. In addition, cytotoxicity evaluation employing human THP-1 cells revealed that the two hybrids 2g and 2h possess no cytotoxic effects up to 100 mu M, while erufosine possessed cytotoxicity with CC50 value of 19.4 mu M. In silico docking provided insights into structure-activity relationship emphasizing the importance of the aliphatic chain at the alpha-carbon of the cinnamoyl carbonyl group establishing favorable binding interactions with LdCALP and LARG in both hybrids 2g and 2h. In light of these findings, hybrids 2g and 2h are suggested as potential safe antileishmanial hit compounds for further development of anti-leishmanial agents.