Cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of buffalo mozzarella cheese supply chain in central Italy

Public opinion about environmental aspects is generating a widespread concern, which contributes to lead consumers to choose sustainable products. Livestock systems are responsible for the emissions of different pollutants and, as a consequence, this is reflected in the environmental sustainability of animal-based products.This study was aimed at evaluating the environmental impacts of buffalo mozzarella cheese with a cradle-to grave life cycle assessment approach from the primary production of milk to the end-of-life of buffalo mozzarella cheese. The functional units were 1 kg of buffalo Fat and Protein Corrected Milk (FPCM) evaluated at farm gate and 1 kg of consumed buffalo mozzarella cheese evaluated at consumers' home.The study enrolled 9 buffalo dairy farms, 2 dairy plants and 4 markets where 243 customers were surveyed. Processes of raw milk production, mozzarella cheese making, transports, retail and home consumption were considered. The accounted environmental impacts were: climate change (CC), terrestrial acidification (TA), freshwater eutrophication (FE), marine eutrophication (ME), ozone depletion (OD), ecotoxicity (EC), human toxicity (HT), land use (LU) and fossil depletion (FD). Buffalo farming was the primary hotspot accounting for more than 50% throughout all impact categories and having a major role in CC, TA, FE, ME, OD and LU. The energy consumption of cheese making had a contribution of 29% in HT, whereas the use of high-emitting vehicles by consumers accounted for 23% and 17% in EC and FD, respectively. To reduce several sources of pollution and mitigate the environmental impacts of buffalo mozzarella cheese, the LCA hotspots identification can lead to the development of specific mitigating strategies to improve sustainability along the supply chain. The development of farm-based models may better assess environmental impacts, the mitigation achieved by the implemented best practices and the "pollution swapping" effect to evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy.