The Amendment of Central Regulations and the Governance of the Qing Dynasty:An Analysis Based on The Great Qing Code and The Collected Statutes and Precedents

The continuous growth of regulations in the Qing Dynasty has been documented and explained by voluminous literature.However,this study finds that this literature does not capture the full picture.The upward trend in the number of new regulations in The Great Qing Code is not sustained throughout the entire Qing Dynasty.Additionally,there are differences between various types of new regulations.The growth of regulations mainly occurs before the middle period of the Qianlong reign,but afterwards there is a decline.However,the decline in the growth rate of new regulations and precedents of the central government departments of the bureaucracy is relatively weaker and not as sustained as regulations in The Great Qing Code.With the change in the number,the structure of the regulations has also changed.The importance of"enacting regulations based on cases"increases compared with"enacting regulations based on high rank officers'suggestions."The tendency toward"criminalization"in The Great Qing Code is also strengthened.In the meantime,"governing officials"remains the main source of central regulations for The Great Qing Code.Governing officials also shapes the relationship between local government and society,and this provides a bit of room for private regulations to gain legal validity indirectly.This source of legislation increases the adaptability of the governance of the Qing Dynasty.