Characteristics and distribution of stranded plastic pollution in Bali conservation areas.

Plastic pollution threatens vulnerable conservation areas such as West Bali National Park (TNBB) and Nusa Penida Marine Protected Area (NPMPA), which play a crucial role in supporting marine biodiversity and the economy through tourism and fisheries activities. This study aims to investigate the characteristics, density, and distribution of marine debris in Bali's conservation areas. Surveys were conducted at 37 locations around TNBB and NPMPA, with approximately 94 % of the total samples consisting of plastic debris. Sampling effects related to substrate type, sea bottom gradient, and backshore type were significant and correlated with local debris load. Effects associated with land-based sources (such as population, distance to the nearest rivers, settlements, and tourist spots) were also significant. Statistical patterns suggest that illegal waste disposal is also an important driver. Understanding drivers of waste mismanagement, coupled with place-based approaches can help identify approaches likely to be successful in reducing plastic pollution in the environment. We suggest emphasizing citizen awareness, public policies, and their implementation as actions that can help prevent debris pollution in TNBB and NPMPA conservation areas, as well as in similar high-value areas around the world.