Emergy benefit and radiation effect of multi-dimensional service function of vegetation ecosystem

Vegetation, as a multi-type and multi-functional green energy, plays an important role in regional carbon emission reduction and carbon neutrality. This study carried out the concept of green and sustainable development in depth and constructed an emergy quantification methodology system for the multidimensional service functions of vegetation ecosystems consisting of forests and grasslands based on the theory of emergy analysis and multidisciplinary integration methods. Using the theory of spatial correlation and breakpoints, we delineated the major ecological zones and investigated the radiation effects of typical regulating functions. Taking Luoyang, China, as an example, the results showed that the annual sequence of vegetation ecosystem service function (VES) emergy in Luoyang City showed a decreasing and then increasing trend with 2015 as the cut-off point. Early-stage Forest exploitation had profound effects, while increasing cultural benefits in later stages demonstrated national emphasis on forest research and conservation. The forest's high-quality ecological zone in Luoyang City could be found in the three southern counties of Luoning (LN), Luanchuan (LC), and Song (S). The radiation effect encompassed the entire city, resulting in an obvious impact with a total radiation of approximately 4.10E+20 sej. The high-quality ecological zone of the grassland did not appear until 2020 and is located in Yiyang (YY) county in central Luoyang. It benefited only the surrounding counties and had a total radiation of 1.32E+18sej. However, the development trend is optimistic. The spatial pattern of vegetation should be suitable for natural conditions, and the development strategy of localization as the driving force of the whole should be