FS-Net: Full Scale Network and Adaptive Threshold for Improving Extraction of Micro-Retinal Vessel Structures.

Retinal vascular segmentation, is a widely researched subject in biomedical image processing, aims to relieve ophthalmologists' workload when treating and detecting retinal disorders. However, segmenting retinal vessels has its own set of challenges, with prior techniques failing to generate adequate results when segmenting branches and microvascular structures. The neural network approaches used recently are characterized by the inability to keep local and global properties together and the failure to capture tiny end vessels make it challenging to attain the desired result. To reduce this retinal vessel segmentation problem, we propose a full-scale micro-vessel extraction mechanism based on an encoder-decoder neural network architecture, sigmoid smoothing, and an adaptive threshold method. The network consists of of residual, encoder booster, bottleneck enhancement, squeeze, and excitation building blocks. All of these blocks together help to improve the feature extraction and prediction of the segmentation map. The proposed solution has been evaluated using the DRIVE, CHASE-DB1, and STARE datasets, and competitive results are obtained when compared with previous studies. The AUC and accuracy on the DRIVE dataset are 0.9884 and 0.9702, respectively. On the CHASE-DB1 dataset, the scores are 0.9903 and 0.9755, respectively. On the STARE dataset, the scores are 0.9916 and 0.9750, respectively. The performance achieved is one step ahead of what has been done in previous studies, and this results in a higher chance of having this solution in real-life diagnostic centers that seek ophthalmologists attention.