Serum glucose/potassium ratio as a clinical risk factor for predicting the severity and prognosis of acute traumatic spinal cord injury

Objective Acute traumatic Spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a devastating event that causes severe sensory and motor impairments as well as autonomic dysfunction in patients, yet relevant clinical biomarkers have not been established. This study aimed to determine the significance of the serum glucose/potassium ratio (GPR) in evaluating TSCI severity and predicting prognosis. Methods An analysis of 520 clinical records of acute TSCI patients from January 2012 to June 2022 was conducted. The relationships between serum GPR and The American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade 6-month post-trauma prognosis and the admission AIS grade were analyzed. To evaluate the discriminatory ability, a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Results Based on the initial assessment of AIS grade, 256 (49.2%) patients were categorized into the severe TSCI group (AIS A–B), and there was a significant correlation between the severe TSCI group and serum GPR ( p < 0.001). Serum GPR was reduced in an AIS grade-dependent manner (R = − 0.540, p < 0.001). Of the 520 patients, 262 (50.4%) patients were classified as having a poor prognosis according to the AIS grade at discharge. Serum GPR was also reduced in an AIS grade at discharge-dependent manner (R = − 0.599, p < 0.001), and was significantly higher in the poor prognosis group compared to the good prognosis group ( p < 0.001). Poor prognosis was significantly associated with sex ( p = 0.009), severity of TSCI ( p < 0.001), location of TSCI ( p < 0.001), surgical decompression ( p < 0.018), body temperature ( p < 0.001), heart rate ( p < 0.001), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) ( p < 0.001), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) ( p < 0.001), serum GPR ( p < 0.001), serum glucose ( p < 0.001), serum potassium ( p < 0.001), and white blood cell count ( p = 0.003). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant correlation between poor prognosis and serum GPR ( p = 0.023). The ROC analysis showed the area under the curve of serum GPR to be a poor predictor of prognosis in TSCI patients at 0.842 (95% confidence interval, 0.808–0.875). Conclusion There was a significant relationship between serum GPR and admission injury severity and the 6-month prognosis of acute TSCI patients. Serum GPR serves as a readily available clinical risk factor for predicting the severity and 6-month prognosis of acute traumatic spinal cord injury, which holds potential clinical significance for patients with TSCI.