Tailoring Therapeutic Strategies in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The Role of Genetic Mutations and Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression in Survival Outcomes

Simple Summary This study focuses on understanding the real-world impact of newly introduced genetic tests and immune-based approaches on the survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Conducted in multiple medical centers in Japan, this study involved 863 patients and evaluated various treatment methods, including targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our results show that therapies tailored to specific genetic mutations led to significantly longer survival rates. Additionally, multivariate analysis identified the type of anticancer drug and the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) at diagnosis as the impactful variables affecting 5-year OS. These findings underscore the importance of genetic and immune profiling in choosing the most effective treatment plans, thereby improving patient survival, and contributing to the advancement of personalized medicine in NSCLC.Abstract Background: This study aims to assess the real-world impact of advancements in first-line systemic therapies for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), focusing on the role of driver gene mutations and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression levels. Methods: Conducted across eight medical facilities in Japan, this multicenter, retrospective observational research included 863 patients diagnosed with NSCLC and treated between January 2015 and December 2022. The patients were categorized based on the type of systemic therapy received: cytotoxic agents, molecular targeting agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and combination therapies. Comprehensive molecular and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted, and statistical evaluations were performed. Results: The median overall survival (OS) shows significant variations among treatment groups, with targeted therapies demonstrating the longest OS. This study also revealed that high PD-L1 expression was common in the group treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the type of anticancer drug and the expression of PD-L1 at diagnosis as the impactful variables affecting 5-year OS. Conclusions: This study underscores the efficacy of targeted therapies and the critical role of comprehensive molecular diagnostics and PD-L1 expression in affecting OS in NSCLC patients, advocating for their integration into routine clinical practice.