A world of reindeer: A technological and functional reassessment of the Last Glacial Maximum osseous industry from Cotu Miculinti (northeastern Romania)

Processing of osseous materials was an important component of the repertoire of technological innovations throughout the Palaeolithic. The study of hard animal materials assemblages therefore provides crucial information regarding hominin adaptational ranges and cultural evolution. In contrast to the wide array of studies published on this topic in western and central Europe, the Palaeolithic osseous industries from Romania received comparatively limited attention. The organic industry recovered from Cotu Miculinti, a Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) site located in the Prut Valley (northeastern Romania), provides a case at point. The present study proposes a throughout reassessment of the collection of osseous artifacts from this site, covering several key aspects - raw materials, chaine operatoire, and the functionality of the assemblage - in an attempt of setting the site's osseous industry into the wider context of LGM cultural adaptations in the area east of the Carpathians. The results of our analysis reveal an assemblage predominantly made of reindeer antler and document a standardization of the technical transformation scheme, by use of both segmentation and extraction. This resulted in the production of two types of blanks: segmentation produced massive pieces that were transformed into hammers or perforated batons, and extraction by grooving led to standardized rods on flat blanks used to produce barbed points or smoothers. The finished pieces were used in domestic activities (processing of hides, bark, and wood) and for hunting. The assemblage of osseous artifacts from Cotu Miculinti displays many features in common with contemporaneous sites in the area, in particular Cosauti (Moldova), which is strongly indicative for a similar cultural and adaptive background.