Carbonate-associated sulfate as an archive of sulfur and oxygen stable isotope composition of seawater sulfate: Evidence from reef carbonate rocks of the southern South China Sea

Carbonate-associated sulfate (CAS) is a useful proxy for the reconstruction of the isotopic composition of ancient seawater sulfate, archiving information on the global sulfur cycle, Earth's surface redox evolution, and biological activity. The CAS proxy is possibly compromised by early diagenetic alteration, which may cause secondary inhomogeneities in the isotopic composition of pore water sulfate achieved in the form of CAS. However, the effects of early diagenesis on the retention of primary 834S signals of CAS in reef carbonates are not well understood, and it is unknown whether reef carbonate deposits can faithfully record the coeval isotopic composition of marine sulfate. To provide new constraints on the resilience of CAS isotopic signatures of reef carbonate, we have measured and analyzed CAS content and CAS isotopic composition of reef carbonates from the Meiji Atoll (well NK-1) of the South China Sea, representing carbonates affected by meteoric and marine diagenesis including dolomitization. CAS contents were found to decrease rapidly during meteoric and marine diagenesis, with minimum CAS contents caused by prolonged subaerial exposure. Despite low contents, the corresponding 834SCAS values were found to vary within a narrow range from 21.5 to 24.1%o, compared to values of 20.9 to 22.7%o of coeval barite, suggesting that the original 834SCAS values are preserved and largely unaffected by recrystallization. However, 818OCAS values were found to vary widely, ranging from 7.1%o to 15.0%o, only recording the same oxygen isotope signal as coeval marine barite for reef carbonates younger than 5 Ma. Our data reveal that reef carbonates can be used as an archive of paleoceanic change, faithfully tracking 834S changes in coeval seawater regardless of whether reef carbonates underwent recrystallization, including dolomitization. In contrast to sulfur isotopes, the oxygen isotope composition of CAS is more susceptible to alteration during diagenesis. Overall, this study provides new insight for the future reconstruction of the sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope record of ancient seawater.