Exploring the kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherms of sodium naproxen uptake by oak-based activated carbon with ultrasonic enhancement

The efficacy of ultrasonic technology for the uptake of sodium naproxen (SN) onto oak-based activated carbon (OAC) was examined in this study. SN is a widely used medication around the globe. The investigation of the uptake of SN by OAC involved the analysis of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The rate of SN uptake by OAC followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 2.78 x 10-2 g center dot mg- 1 center dot min-1. A multilayer uptake of 94.8% was found by Freundlich isotherm. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption of SN onto OAC was endothermic in nature with Delta H degrees value of 10.88 kJ center dot mol-1. Additionally, OAC was observed to be reusable for up to six regeneration cycles with a minimal decline of 26.43% in its adsorption capacity compared to the initial performance using sodium hydroxide as an eluent. Undoubtedly, the ultrasonic technique demonstrated remarkable efficiency in enhancing the uptake of SN by OAC.