Carcinoid Heart Disease - A Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Management

Objective: Neuro-endocrine tumors (NET) resulting in syndromes of serotonin excess can lead to cardiac involvement, and substantial mortality and morbidity. This article is aimed at reviewing the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of carcinoid heart disease (CHD). Results: The pathophysiology of CHD stems from chronic exposure to circulating vasoactive compounds. Frequent clinical evaluations, monitoring of biomarker levels and cardiac imaging play critical roles in screening and early recognition. The complexity of the disease necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, medical management and timely surgical intervention. Conclusion: Outcomes of CHD have improved, owing to advances in medical management and increased surgical expertise. Surgical valvular intervention is the only definitive therapy for the treatment of symptomatic CHD.