Rainfall characteristics of sediment connectivity activation from plot to watershed scales on the Loess Plateau

Sediment connectivity is a fundamental concept for understanding sediment dynamics within watersheds, serving as a crucial component in watershed management and soil and water conservation. However, quantifying sediment connectivity remains a challenging task due to its complexity and the difficulties associated with direct measurements of sediment flux at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Our research aims to address this challenge by monitoring functional sediment connectivity at various scales using two key indicators: sediment yield and sediment marks. Sediment yield is monitored at slope plots, slope-channel cascades, and watershed outlets, while sediment marks provide additional insight into functional sediment connectivity along the sediment transport path, particularly in slope-channel cascades and channels following rainfall events. To record sediment marks, we used wooden sticks wrapped with clean gauze as an alternative to assessing functional connectivity. Our results revealed that the activation of sediment connectivity was influenced by rainfall amount, intensity, and type, with the highest activation observed at the slope plot, followed by the outlet of the slopechannel cascade and the watershed outlet. Notably, strong sediment connectivity at slope plots, slope-channel cascades, and main channels exhibits a weak correlation with sediment connectivity at the watershed outlet. In upper contribution areas with lower vegetation coverage and higher human disturbance, rainfall amount and I60 values associated with sediment connectivity activation tend to be lower. Furthermore, our research indicates that medium-duration and moderate-intensity rainfall events have a more significant impact on sediment connectivity at slope plots, while rainfall types characterized by longer durations, lower intensity, and larger amounts have a more pronounced effect on sediment transport paths. This suggests that the identification of sediment connectivity switch nodes can be achieved by considering both rainfall characteristics and underlying surface features. Looking ahead, future research can leverage long-term observations and data-driven models to explore rainfall thresholds for sediment connectivity at various scales, ultimately improving sediment transport prediction within watersheds.