Hot spots and hot moments of greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural peatlands

Drained agricultural peatlands occupy only 1% of agricultural land but are estimated to be responsible for approximately one third of global cropland greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent studies show that greenhouse gases fluxes from agricultural peatlands can vary by orders of magnitude over time. The relationship between these hot moments (individual fluxes with disproportionate impact on annual budgets) of greenhouse gas emissions and individual chamber locations (i.e. hot spots with disproportionate observations of hot moments) is poorly understood, but may help elucidate patterns and drivers of high greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural peatland soils. We used continuous chamber-based flux measurements across three land uses (corn, alfalfa, and pasture) to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of soil greenhouse gas emissions from temperate agricultural peatlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California. We found that the location of hot spots of emissions varied over time and were not consistent across annual timescales. Hot moments of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes were more evenly distributed across space than methane (CH 4 ). In the corn system, hot moments of CH 4 flux were often isolated to a single location but locations were not consistent across years. Spatiotemporal variability in soil moisture, soil oxygen, and temperature helped explain patterns in N 2 O fluxes in the annual corn agroecosystem but were less informative for perennial alfalfa N 2 O fluxes or CH 4 fluxes across ecosystems, potentially due to insufficient spatiotemporal resolution of the associated drivers. Overall, our results do not support the concept of persistent hot spots of soil CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions in these drained agricultural peatlands. Hot moments of high flux events generally varied in space and time and thus required high sample densities. Our results highlight the importance of constraining hot moments and their controls to better quantify ecosystem greenhouse gas budgets.