Comorbidity of chronic heart failure and osteoporosis: literature review

The demographic aging of the population causes an increase in the number of patients with both heart failure (HF) and osteoporosis. This is due to the strengthening of disease-preventive measures, multimorbidity, and presence of comorbid conditions such as senile asthenia. As a result, these pathological conditions can cause serious consequences such as loss of functional and social activity, disability, and high rates of hospitalization and mortality. The article considers the common risk factors of HF and osteoporosis and the leading pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions. Modern ideas about the causes of bone metabolism disorders and their features in patients with HF are discussed. Data on the contribution of systemic and immune inflammation, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in the pathogenesis, and progression of HF and osteoporosis are presented. The relationship between low bone mineral density and hemodynamic disorders in patients with HF is also shown. All this is considered in the prospect of distinguishing patients with HF as a risk group for osteoporosis and patients with decreased bone mineral density as having a high cardiovascular risk.