Three-dimensional chromatin landscapes in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B virus

Background Three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture frequently altered in cancer. However, its changes during the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remained elusive. Methods Hi-C and RNA-seq were applied to study the 3D chromatin landscapes and gene expression of HCC and ANHT. Hi-C Pro was used to generate genome-wide raw interaction matrices, which were normalized via iterative correction (ICE). Moreover, the chromosomes were divided into different compartments according to the first principal component (E1). Furthermore, topologically associated domains (TADs) were visualized via WashU Epigenome Browser. Furthermore, differential expression analysis of ANHT and HCC was performed using the DESeq2 R package. Additionally, dysregulated genes associated with 3D genome architecture altered were confirmed using TCGA, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), etc. Results First, the intrachromosomal interactions of chr1, chr2, chr5, and chr11 were significantly different, and the interchromosomal interactions of chr4–chr10, chr13–chr21, chr15–chr22, and chr16–chr19 are remarkably different between ANHT and HCC, which resulted in the up-regulation of TP53I3 and ZNF738 and the down-regulation of APOC3 and APOA5 in HCC. Second, 49 compartment regions on 18 chromosomes have significantly switched (A–B or B–A) during HCC tumorigenesis, contributing to up-regulation of RAP2A . Finally, a tumor-specific TAD boundary located on chr5: 6271000–6478000 and enhancer hijacking were identified in HCC tissues, potentially associated with the elevated expression of MED10 , whose expression were associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. Conclusion This study demonstrates the crucial role of chromosomal structure variation in HCC oncogenesis and potential novel biomarkers of HCC, laying a foundation for cancer precision medicine development.