Point-of-care detection of fibrosis in liver transplant surgery using near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning

Introduction: Visual assessment and imaging of the donor liver are inaccurate in predicting fibrosis and remain surrogates for histopathology. We demonstrate that 3-s scans using a handheld near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument can identify and quantify fibrosis in fresh human liver samples.Methods: We undertook NIRS scans on 107 samples from 27 patients, 88 from 23 patients with liver disease, and 19 from four organ donors.Results: Liver disease patients had a median immature fibrosis of 40% (interquartile range [IQR] 20-60) and mature fibrosis of 30% (10%-50%) on histopathology. The organ donor livers had a median fibrosis (both mature and immature) of 10% (IQR 5%-15%). Using machine learning, this study detected presence of cirrhosis and METAVIR grade of fibrosis with a classification accuracy of 96.3% and 97.2%, precision of 96.3% and 97.0%, recall of 96.3% and 97.2%, specificity of 95.4% and 98.0% and area under receiver operator curve of 0.977 and 0.999, respectively. Using partial-least square regression machine learning, this study predicted the percentage of both immature (R-2 = 0.842) and mature (R-2 = 0.837) with a low margin of error (root mean square of error of 9.76% and 7.96%, respectively).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a point-of-care NIRS instrument can accurately detect, quantify and classify liver fibrosis using machine learning.