Evaluation of the stability of physiological and behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

BACKGROUND: The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a synanthropic fly species commonly associated with confined animal facilities. House fly control relies heavily on insecticide use. Neonicotinoids are currently the most widely used class of insecticide and have been formulated into granular fly baits since 2002. Physiological resistance to imidacloprid in house flies has been observed to be unstable and decline over time without continual selection pressure, indicating that resistance has a fitness cost to individuals in the absence of exposure to insecticides. The stability of behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly has not been evaluated. In the current study, we assess the stability of physiological and behavioral resistance in house flies to imidacloprid over time.RESULT: SPhysiological susceptibility to imidacloprid varied significantly among three house fly strains examined, with WT-15 exhibiting the greatest susceptibility to imidacloprid with an LC50 and LC(95 )of 109.29 (95.96-124.49) mu g g(-1) and 1486.95 (1097.15-2015.23) mu g g(-1), respectively. No significant differences in survival were observed across 30 generations of a house fly strain (BRS-1) previously selected for behavioral resistance to imidacloprid with percentage survival ranging from 93.20% at F0 in 2020 to 96.20% survival at F-30 in 2022.CONCLUSION: These results have significant implications for the management of house flies exhibiting behavioral resistance in field settings. It appears that standard resistance management tactics deployed to reduce the prevalence of physiological resistance, such as rotating or temporarily discontinuing the use of specific insecticides, may not lead to reduced behavioral resistance to imidacloprid. (c) 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.