Review of multi-objective optimization in long-term energy system models

Modeling and optimizing long-term energy systems can provide solutions to various energy and environmental policies involving public-interest issues. The conventional optimization of long-term energy system models focuses on a single economic goal. However, the increasingly complex demands of energy systems necessitate the comprehensive consideration of multiple dimensional objectives, such as environmental, social, and energy security. Therefore, a multi -objective optimization of long-term energy system models has been developed. Herein, studies pertaining to the multi -objective optimization of long-term energy system models are summarized; the optimization objectives of long-term energy system models are classified into economic, environmental, social, and energy security aspects; and the multi-objective optimization methods are classified and explained based on the preferential expression of decision makers. Finally, the key development direction of the multi-objective optimization of energy system models is discussed.