Exploring recharge mechanisms of soil water in the thick unsaturated zone using water isotopes in the North China Plain

Exploring the groundwater recharge mechanisms in regions with thick unsaturated zones can enhance our understanding of intricate groundwater processes, especially in intensive agricultural regions such as the North China Plain (NCP). For example, to better answer the question of how deep soil water can be recharged, it is of utmost importance to illustrate the recharge mechanisms of groundwater under different land use types in the NCP. This study collected soil samples from four boreholes up to 18 m deep covering farmland and orchards with different stand ages and measured soil water content (SWC), stable and radioactive isotopes (delta O-18, delta H-2 and H-3) of both soil water and groundwater. Results indicated that the movement of water through the deep vadose zone of soils was primarily piston flow based on a soil tritium profile. The infiltration rate was estimated to be 32.2 mm yr(-1) based on the tritium peak method. The variations of soil water delta O-18 and line control excess (lc-excess) indicated that the orchards had lower evaporation effects and a higher precipitation offset than those in farmland soils. Furthermore, the deep soil water was replenished by intensive precipitation events (from July to September). The great soil water deficit and decreased deep drainage under pear orchards is usually closely related to huge water consumption by evapotranspiration (ET) via root uptake, which explains the increase of ET in pear orchards with increasing stand age. These findings have provided substantial insights into groundwater resource management in similar regions with limited water resources and recharge modeling for regions covered with thick unsaturated zones.