Ozone in the boreal forest in the Alberta Oil Sands Region

Measurements of ozone were made using an instrumented tower and a tethersonde located in a forested region surrounded by oil sands production facilities in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR). Our observations and modeling show that the concentration of ozone was modified by vertical mixing, photochemical reactions, and surface dry deposition. Measurements on the tower demonstrated that when winds are from the direction of anthropogenic emissions from oil sand extraction and processing facilities, there is no significant increase in ozone mixing ratio compared to when winds are from the direction of undisturbed forest. This suggests that ozone is destroyed by reaction with NO x from oil sands extraction operations (as well as NO resulting from photolysis of NO 2 ). Vertical gradients of ozone mixing ratio with height were observed using instruments on a tethered balloon (up to a height of 300 m) as well as a pulley system and two-point gradients within the canopy. Strong gradients (ozone increasing with height near 0.35 ppb m - 1 ) were measured in the canopy in the evening and overnight, while morning and daytime gradients were weaker and highly variable. A 1D canopy model was used to simulate the diurnal variation of the in-canopy gradient. Model results suggest an ozone dry deposition velocity between 0.2 and 0.4 cm s - 1 for this location. Sensitivity simulations using the model suggest that the local NO concentration profile and coefficients of vertical diffusivity have a significant influence on the O 3 concentrations and profiles in the region.