Effects of seasonal temperature regimes: Does Cyprinus carpio act as a health hazard during the construction of Suki Kinari hydropower project on Kunhar River in Pakistan?

The main purpose of the current study was to assess the levels of trace elements (iron, lead, zinc, copper, and manganese) in both water and fish muscles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Kunhar River during the development of the Suki Kinari hydropower project (SKHPP). Additionally, the aim was to shed light on the potential health hazards associated with the consumption of fish by residents. Surface water and fish (muscle and liver) from ten specific sampling locations in the Mansehra district (affected by an SKHPP) along the river were examined to determine the levels of trace elements. The findings divulged that the water at all locations exhibited concentration levels of iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn) that surpassed the benchmarks established by the World Health Organization in 2011. Conversely, the concentration levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fell beneath the stipulated standards. Moreover, the concentrations of Mn, Zn, and Pb were found to be excessively high. The findings presented in the present study offer a comprehensive comprehension of the spatial and distribution characteristics of trace elements in both water and fish species along the Kunhar River, taking into consideration the impact of the SKHPP. Additionally, our data emphasize the potential health hazards that may arise from the prolonged consumption of fish by the local population.