Risk of disease transmission to patients from "contaminated" surgical instruments and immediate use steam sterilization.

BACKGROUND:There are several sources of pathogens that cause surgical site infections (SSI) to include the patients endogenous microflora and exogenous sources (e.g., air, surfaces, staff, surgical equipment). METHODS:We searched the published English literature (Google, Google Scholar, PubMed) for articles on reprocessing surgical instruments, effectiveness of sterilization methods, microbial load on surgical instruments, frequency of "contaminated" instruments, and the infection risk associated with "contaminated" surgical instruments and immediate use steam sterilization. RESULTS:There is substantial redundancy in instrument reprocessing to include: even if a patient was exposed to a "contaminated" instrument, the decontamination and sterilization process would have removed and/or inactivated the contaminating pathogens due to the exceptional effectiveness of the manual and mechanical cleaning (i.e., washer-disinfector) and the remarkable robustness of sterilization technology; and the low-level of microorganisms on surgical instruments after use and before cleaning. CONCLUSIONS:A critical review of the literature suggests that the risk of acquiring an SSI from instruments used in surgery is essentially zero if the sterilization cycle is validated.