On the Flow of CO₂-Saturated Water in a Cement Fracture

Cement fractures represent preferential leakage pathways in abandoned wells upon exposure to a CO2-rich fluid. Understanding fracture alteration resulting from geochemical reactions is critical for assessing well integrity in CO2 storage. This paper describes a mathematical model used to investigate the physical and the chemical changes in cement properties when CO2-saturated water is injected into a wellbore. This study examines the flow of a solution of CO2-saturated water in a two-dimensional fractured cement. In this approach, a micro-continuum equation based on the Darcy-Brinkman-Stokes (DBS) equation is used as the momentum balance equation; in addition, reactive transport equations are used to study the coupled processes of reactant transport and geochemical reactions, and the model for cement porosity alteration and fracture enhancement. This paper focuses on the effects of cement porosity, fracture aperture size, and surface roughness. Mineral dissolution and precipitation mechanisms are also considered. Our simulations show that smaller initial fracture apertures tend to a high mineral precipitation self-sealing. However, a complete sealing of the fracture is not observed due to the continuous flow of CO2-saturated water. The calcite precipitation mechanism of a rough fracture (random zigzag shape) differs from that of a smooth/flat fracture surface.