Molecular Variation in Some Taxa of Genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Astragalus L. is one of the main genera of blossoming plants, and its diversity of species and forms is well known. The Astragalus L. taxa make a significant contribution to the mountainous and steppe ecosystems of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Although the species within this genus have been the subject of several molecular studies, the evolutionary relationships among these species remain unidentified. Despite extensive research, little is known about the phylogenetic relationships among the various subgenera of Astragalus. This research is intended to investigate the molecular variation of 33 species of the genus Astragalus L. found in the Kurdistan area of Iraq. For molecular validations, three separate techniques (nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and conserved DNA-derived polymorphism (CDDP)) were used. With respect to Astragalus L. indentations, universal ITS1 and ITS4 gene sequencing was used, and the discovered sequences were subjected to BLAST searches in the NCBI database. A phylogenetic tree was generated with two main clades. Regarding detecting genetic diversity between the taxa, 24 molecular markers (14 ISSR and 10 CDDP) were used. High values of polymorphic materials and gene diversity were detected. ISSR markers had an average of 22.71 polymorphic bands per primer, while CDDP markers had the highest mean values for polymorphic information content (0.37), Shannon's information index (0.27), expected heterozygosity (0.19), and unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.23). Cluster and principal coordinate analyses divided the Astragalus L. taxa into four main groups using the two molecular data sets. According to the results of the molecular variance analysis, the highest variation was detected within sections, with values of 92.01 and 89.48% for ISSR and CDDP markers, respectively. These outcomes suggest the effectiveness of molecular markers and the ITS region in determining and identifying genetic correlations between Astragalus species.