Medical Therapies to Improve Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction and Diastolic Function in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—both obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (nHCM) subtypes—is the most common monogenic cardiomyopathy. Its structural hallmarks are abnormal thickening of the myocardium and hyperdynamic contractility, while its hemodynamic consequences are left ventricular outflow tract or intracavitary obstruction (in oHCM) and diastolic dysfunction (in both oHCM and nHCM). Several medical therapies are routinely used to improve these abnormalities with the goal to decrease symptom burden in patients with HCM. Current guidelines recommend nonvasodilating beta blockers as first-line and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers followed by disopyramide as second- and third-line medical therapies for symptomatic oHCM and give weaker recommendations for beta blockers and calcium channel blockers in nHCM. These recommendations are based on small studies—mostly nonrandomized—and expert opinion. Our review will summarize the available data on the effectiveness of commonly prescribed medications used in oHCM and nHCM to uncover knowledge gaps, but also new data on cardiac myosin inhibitors.