Time lapse in situ X-ray imaging of failure in structural materials under cyclic loads and extreme environments

Damage evolution characterization and performance evaluation under realistic conditions are essential to ensure reliable operation of critical safety components. However, previous studies focus on the surface detection because of very limited penetration capacity of nondestructive testing facilities. Here, we review the recent progress of material damage mechanism by various in situ testing rigs that are compatible with laboratory and synchrotron radiation X-ray facilities. Then, taking metallic alloys and composites as model materials, we demonstrate the unique advantages of in situ X-ray three-dimensional tomography in unveiling complex failure mechanisms, quantifying crack growth driving forces and crack closure phenomena, and elucidating the strengthening/degrading effects from microstructure and environment on structural material degradation. Finally, we also discuss the ongoing direction of in situ multi-scale visualization and characterization with the development of advanced high-energy X-ray facilities, the improvement of in situ devices and sample environments, the demand of high-throughput tests, and the processing and application of massive test data. (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.