Carrier-free 5-Fu nanoparticle-mediated domestication therapy for scar treatment: A preclinical and first-in-human study

•Carrier-free pure 5-Fu nanoparticles (nano 5-Fu) were fabricated via a facile process for clinical translation.•In vitro and in vivo results displayed the potential of nano 5-Fu for anti-scar treatment.•The results of the first-in-human trial confirmed that nano 5-Fu as a novel option for scar therapy.