Combining the strong fluctuation theory with rough soil models for improving the simulation accuracy of alpine snowpacks at c- and x-bands

This study aims at improving the accuracy of the Strong Fluctuation Theory (SFT) in simulating the backscattering from Alpine snowpacks, by simulating the roughness effect of the snow-soil interface through suitable models, as the Oh model and the Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM). As conceived in the original form indeed, SFT considers the air-snow and snow-soil interfaces as flat surfaces: such approximation can lead to inaccurate results under some observed conditions. The reappraised SFT was validated against Dense Media Radiative Transfer (DMRT) model simulations and experimental data available from Sentinel-1 (S-1) C-band and COSMO-SkyMed ( CSK) X-band SAR in two alpine test sites located in the Northern Italy. The inclusion of rough soil contribution was found effective in improving significantly the SFT simulation in dry and wet snow conditions, with a significant improvement of correlation with SAR data: as an example, R2 increased from 0.05 to 0.57 in the comparison with CSK. The comparison with DMRT pointed out a very good agreement between the two models, (R2=0.88 at C-band and 0.91 at X-band) with the not negligible advantage of an extremely reduced computational cost of the reappraised SFT with respect to DMRT.