Advancements and challenges in phytochemical-mediated silver nanoparticles for food packaging: Recent review (2021-2023)

Background: Recently, phytochemical-mediated silver nanoparticles (Phyt-AgNPs) have gained immense popularity in food packaging materials due to their active functionalities, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. A large number of articles have been published to explore the potential food packaging applications of Phyt-AgNPs. However, the research data are scattered in the literature. This article aims to review the recent (2021-2023) research findings in order to facilitate future research for food packaging. Scope and approach: This review highlights the nanotechnological aspects, factors affecting the preparation, and mechanistic features of Phyt-AgNPs. Then, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages, antimicrobial action mechanism, regulations, migration into food, and toxicity aspects of Phyt-AgNPs. Moreover, we highlight commercial and recently recommended Phyt-AgNPs-based packaging materials in the marketplace. Finally, the article describes challenges and prospects in the synthesis and food packaging application of Phyt-AgNPs. Key findings and conclusions: The preparation of Phyt-AgNPs is more convenient and faster, and can be used to utilize wastes produced by vegetables and fruits. Phytochemicals act as both reducing and stabilizing agents and Phyt-AgNPs with diverse morphologies can be prepared by adjusting reaction parameters such as concentration/ nature of phytochemicals, reaction time, temperature, pH of the reaction mixture and Ag ions concentration. The shape/size and surface chemistry of Phyt-AgNPs regulate their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Phyt-AgNPs are effective against spoilage bacteria and have been recommended for efficient food packaging. However, environmental and human safety needs to be thoroughly investigated for sustainable and efficient food supply chains.