A macroscopic donor-acceptor-based discrete element model for contact electrification of insulating granular materials

Accurate modeling of contact electrification (CE) in insulating materials are essential for predicting and controlling their behavior. Here we propose a mesoscopic model based on the donor-acceptor mechanism, incorporating findings on surface patch features of identical dielectric materials from CE experiments. This model enables us to reproduce the charge transfer process and develop a macroscopic model that statistically captures this process. We implemented the macroscopic model in the discrete element code