Development and testing of the green schoolyard evaluation tool (GSET)

Gradually, schools are greening their schoolyard because it is believed that green schoolyards can support child development, biodiversity, and climate resilience. However, the extent to which current green schoolyards support aforementioned benefits differs considerably. This study aimed to create a green schoolyard evaluation tool (GSET) that supports the design and evaluation of green schoolyards. A first draft of the GSET was developed based on existing assessment tools and literature. GSET was further developed through a two-round Delphi study. Dutch academic, practice, and policy experts were invited to participate in online surveys. In Round 1, 40 experts participated (response rate 37 %). The panel considered 82 % of the proposed GSET items relevant, but there was little consensus about the clarity, comprehensibility, and applicability. Based on panelists' comments, changes were made to the formulation of the items and measurement scales of the GSET. In Round 2, 32 experts participated (response rate 63 %). The panel was satisfied with 79 % of the proposed items. Items for which there was no consensus were modified or removed based on panelists' comments. The 20-item GSET was then pilottested at 19 schoolyards to evaluate its interrater reliability and usability. Findings showed good to excellent interrater reliability (ICC = 0.82, 95 % CI = 0.80 - 0.97). The GSET can support schools, designers, and others in designing green schoolyards that promote child development, biodiversity, and climate resilience. The GSET can also be used by researchers to assess the design of green schoolyards, which may improve the generalizability of future studies.