Southern ocean response to glacial and interglacial forcing

The Southern Ocean is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Atmospheric CO2 fluctuations have been highly correlated with climate on million years time scales or caused or at least amplified, the climatic change. Here we used two simulations with the UVic ESCM 2.9 model for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Marine Isotope Stage 11c (MIS11c) climate using orbital forcing and CO2 prescribed for the ages. We have clearly identified the differences between the decrease and increase inf CO2 concentration in the Southern Ocean. The LGM simulation produces a colder, saltier, and more alkaline Southern Ocean than MIS11c. The MIS11c simulations show a reduction in O2 content with respect to LGM, which may be related to less primary productivity and more CaCO3 dissolution. According to the MIS11c simulation, the surface ocean carbonate factory is expected to be more sensitive to carbon oscillations due to an increase in CO2 dissolved in sea water. As expected, it will decrease the pH due to decreased alkalinity and ion carbonate concentrations. In this scenario, the aragonite concentration in the deep sediments would be more vulnerable to dissolution as a response of shoaling of the depth of aragonite saturation. The increase in CO2 dissolved in sea water in MIS11c, decreases the pH and saturation depth of CaCO3 becomes more than 1000 m shallower than found in the LGM simulation. This implies in a negative feedback of CO2 absorption with the saturation horizon becoming shallower, less Southern Ocean capacity has to uptake atmospheric CO2. Since the CaCO3 formation in the surface ocean and the dissolution in the deeper both affect TCO2 and TA as also the pCO2. Our results indicated that, under high CO2 conditions, the surface of the Southern Ocean appears to be more sensitive to a carbon perturbation, generally due to a decrease in ion carbonate concentration that leads to changes in the carbonate buffer system that will result in a deepening more than 1000 m the aragonite depth saturation in relation to MIS11c results.